Enhancing immune resilience in swine: a comprehensive meta-review of preventive and host-directed strategies against African swine fever and swine influenza.

African swine fever (ASF) and swine influenza (SI) are among the most consequential infectious threats to global swine production because they combine major economic burden with fundamentally different transmission ecology, tissue tropism, and immune-pathological behavior. ASF is a highly lethal systemic disease characterized by macrophage tropism, immune dysregulation, environmental persistence, and severe trade and production consequences, whereas SI is a highly transmissible respiratory infection associated with recurrent herd-level morbidity, viral evolution, and zoonotic significance. Although these diseases differ markedly in biology and field presentation, both highlight the limitations of isolated pathogen-centered control strategies when implemented without integrated herd-level resilience measures. This meta-review synthesizes the cited literature into an evidence-based framework encompassing epidemiology, pathogenesis, surveillance, vaccination, biosecurity, herd management, supportive care, nutritional and immune-supportive measures, and host-directed regenerative approaches. Across the reviewed literature, the strongest field-supported evidence remains centered on surveillance, vaccination where applicable, biosecurity, and production-system management. At the same time, regenerative and host-supportive biologic strategies, including mitochondria-targeted peptides, thymic and organ-derived peptides, extracellular vesicle-based approaches, and stem cell-related therapies, demonstrate growing translational and immunomodulatory relevance within the broader context of immune resilience and recovery support. Comparative analysis further demonstrates that intervention priorities must remain aligned with disease biology: ASF control depends primarily on preventing viral introduction and limiting outbreak dissemination, whereas SI management benefits from integrated vaccination strategies, environmental optimization, mitigation of secondary bacterial disease, and continual adaptation to antigenic evolution. Within this framework, immune resilience is best understood not as a replacement for conventional disease control, but as a layered outcome arising from reduced infection pressure, preserved immune competence, regulated inflammatory responses, tissue recovery capacity, and supportive production practices.