ArticleJMA journal2026
Development and Validation of the Shorter Versions of the Patient Care Ownership Scale for Use in Japan.
Article in JMA journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Effective training in patient care ownership (PCO), a key component of medical professionalism, requires reliable and valid assessment tools. Although the 13-item Japanese version of the PCO Scale (J-PCOS) is widely used, shorter instruments would aid educational initiatives to nurture PCO and facilitate further studies on PCO. Accordingly, we aimed to develop shorter versions of the J-PCOS and examine their psychometric properties. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using an online anonymous survey for medical residents in Japan. We developed the following shorter versions: an 8-item version (J-PCOS-8; two from each of the four subscales), a 4-item version (J-PCOS-4; one from each of the four subscales), and a 2-item version (J-PCOS-2; one from the cognitive-behavioral aspect and one from the emotional-affective aspect). We investigated their structural validity (confirmatory factor analysis) and internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) and examined their relations with postgraduate year (PGY), burnout, and job satisfaction. Results: A total of 1859 medical residents were included. Both the J-PCOS and J-PCOS-8 had good structural validity, with the latter exhibiting better model fit indices. Both the J-PCOS and its shorter versions demonstrated moderate to good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha: J-PCOS, 0.95; J-PCOS-8, 0.92; J-PCOS-4, 0.86; and J-PCOS-2, 0.74). All scales showed that PGY2 residents had significantly greater PCO than PGY1 residents. They also showed that residents with burnout had lower levels of PCO than those without burnout and that residents with job satisfaction exhibited greater PCO than those without job satisfaction. Conclusions: This study suggests that the J-PCOS-8, J-PCOS-4, and J-PCOS-2 are low-burden, reliable, and valid scales for measuring PCO. These shorter versions may allow researchers to reduce questionnaire length, potentially resulting in higher response rates, improved completion rates, and better data quality, while enabling clinical educators to use them in daily educational initiatives.
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