ArticleFrontiers in physiology2026
A "thermodynamic" model of synergistic interaction of human elbow flexor muscles during simultaneous change in their length and force.
Article in Frontiers in physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Muscle hysteresis reflects nonlinear changes in electromyographic (EMG) activity during isolated changes in the length and force of individual muscles. However, previous studies have primarily considered changes in individual muscle state variables, whereas the hysteresis behavior associated with Methods: A mathematical model was developed to describe the intensity of EMG signals from human elbow flexor muscles during Results: The T-model ("thermodynamic" model) was developed based on the functional interdependence of three key parameters: muscle length, force, and the intensity of incoming activation. Algorithms were proposed to predict the activation intensity of synergistic muscles performing motor tasks involving simultaneous changes in muscle force and length. The results show that the use of time-averaged derivatives of muscle state parameters provides a close approximation of central motor commands, with COD values ≥0.9389 across the tested conditions. The analysis demonstrates that the amplitude of hysteresis effects increases with Conclusion: The modeling results demonstrate that hysteresis in agonist muscle groups is strongly dependent on the interaction between
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