ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Exercise self-management behavioral phenotypes in type 2 diabetes: a multicenter cross-sectional study.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Exercise management is important in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, individual variability in exercise-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) is significantly associated with behavioral adherence yet is often overlooked in average-based analyses. This study applied Latent profile analysis (LPA) to characterize this heterogeneity and explored associations between the resulting behavioral profiles and clinical indicators. Methods: We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study of 516 adults with T2DM in China. LPA was performed using standardized exercise-related KAP indicators. Candidate solutions were evaluated using fit indices, classification diagnostics, interpretability, and bootstrap reproducibility. Clinical associations were examined using adjusted regression and posterior-probability pseudo-class analyses. Results: Four exploratory profiles were identified: Favorable Engagement (7.0%), Average Engagement (59.7%), Knowledge-Constrained (21.7%), and Attitude-Practice Constrained (11.6%). After covariate adjustment, BMI differed across profiles; only the Average Engagement contrast remained significant after accounting for classification uncertainty. Glycemic indicators and diabetes-related complications did not differ robustly. The adjusted association with other chronic disease was sensitive to classification uncertainty. Conclusion: Exercise self-management heterogeneity included distinct knowledge-related and attitude-practice constraints. These exploratory patterns may inform tailored support, but profile instability and cross-sectional data require independent prospective validation.
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