Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42839944›Full record

ArticleCureus2026

Expectations, Body Image Pressure, and Willingness to Undergo Cosmetic Procedures Among First-Time Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Seekers: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Asma Maryam, Zurnish Rauf, Sidra Arif, Usman Nazir

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Asma MaryamMedicine, Shifa International Hospital Limited, Islamabad, PAK.
Zurnish RaufSurgery, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, PAK.
Sidra ArifSurgery, Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College, Mirpur, PAK.
Usman NazirSurgery, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, PAK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background Interest in aesthetic surgical and non-surgical procedures has increased alongside greater public visibility of cosmetic treatment and widespread exposure to appearance-focused social media content. First-time aesthetic procedure seekers may approach consultation with varying levels of body image pressure, social influence, and expectations regarding appearance, confidence, and social acceptance. Objective This study aimed to assess expectations, body image pressure, and willingness to undergo cosmetic procedures among first-time aesthetic plastic surgery seekers and to identify factors associated with willingness to proceed with treatment. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 adults attending a plastic surgery and aesthetic medicine clinic for their first aesthetic consultation. Participants with no previous history of cosmetic surgical or non-surgical treatment were recruited through consecutive sampling. Data were collected using a structured, study-specific questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics, preferred aesthetic procedures, treatment expectations, body image pressure, appearance-related social media exposure, and willingness to undergo a cosmetic procedure. Categorical variables were summarized using frequencies and percentages, while age was reported as mean and standard deviation. Associations were assessed using the chi-square test, and binary logistic regression was performed to identify factors independently associated with willingness. Adjusted odds ratios were reported with 95% confidence intervals, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The mean age of participants was 28.6 ± 7.4 years, and 132 (66.0%) were female. High body image pressure was identified in 124 participants (62.0%), while 138 (69.0%) reported willingness to undergo a cosmetic procedure. Willingness differed significantly across body image pressure categories (χ²(2) = 27.29, p < 0.001; Cramér's V = 0.37). In multivariable analysis, high body image pressure showed the strongest association with willingness (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 3.84; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.92-7.68; p < 0.001). Frequent appearance-related social media exposure (AOR: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.28-4.54; p = 0.006), expectation of improved self-confidence (AOR: 2.76; 95% CI: 1.39-5.48; p = 0.004), and previous negative comments about appearance (AOR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.01-3.69; p = 0.046) were also significantly associated with willingness. Sex and age group were not statistically significant after adjustment. Conclusion Among first-time aesthetic procedure seekers, body image pressure, frequent appearance-related social media exposure, expectation of improved self-confidence, and previous negative comments about appearance were associated with greater willingness to undergo cosmetic procedures. These findings support careful pre-procedure counselling and assessment of appearance-related concerns, expectations, and social influences. Because of the cross-sectional design, causal relationships cannot be established. Multicentre and longitudinal studies using validated psychological measures are needed to clarify the temporal and contextual factors influencing cosmetic-procedure decisions.

Indexed as

aesthetic surgerybody image pressurecosmetic procedurespatient expectationsplastic surgerysocial mediawillingness

Identifiers

PMID42839944
PMCPMC13638491

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.