ArticleAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)2026
An Injectable and Self-Reinforced Piezoelectric Hydrogel for Irregular Bone Defects Regeneration: Dynamic Epigenetic Regulation Approach.
Article in Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Irregular bone defects demand biomaterials that can be delivered into complex shapes while offering gradually developing mechanical strength and bioactive electrical stimulation-two critical properties rarely obtained simultaneously. Here, we develop an injectable, polymer-induced self-reinforcing and piezoelectric hydrogel engineered from regenerated silk fibroin, tyramine-modified CMC, and MXene-cellulose nanofiber nanosheets through enzymatically dynamic Cross-linking. This material is designed to overcome two major limitations of current injectable hydrogels: inadequate mechanical maturation and unstable bioelectrical output. The dynamic dual-network structure undergoes gradual β-sheet alignment and nanointerfacial ordering, which increases the compressive modulus from ∼0.08 to ∼0.8 MPa and elevates piezoelectric output from 3 to 60 mV over 5 days, establishing a mechanically stable and electrically active microenvironment within the defect. The hydrogel-derived electrical signals induce Ca
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