ArticleCancer medicine2026
Five-Year Survival Analyses on Non-Pathological Complete Response Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients After Neoadjuvant Regimens Plus Surgery: A Propensity Score Matching, Real-World Cohort Study.
Article in Cancer medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundNon-pathological complete response (non-pCR) is common in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients after neoadjuvant therapy, yet evidence guiding long-term outcomes and postoperative risk stratification in the immunotherapy era remains limited.
methodsWe retrospectively enrolled consecutive ESCC patients treated with neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy (nICT) or chemotherapy alone (nCT) followed by esophagectomy and restricted analyses to non-pCR cases. Primary endpoints were five-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS). A 1:1 optimal propensity score matching (PSM) procedure and administrative censoring at 60 months were applied. Survival outcomes were assessed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analyses.
resultsAmong 366 patients with non-pCR disease, 164 matched pairs were generated. After matching, nICT demonstrated a higher major pathological response (MPR) rate (19.5% vs. 6.1%), a lower ypT4 proportion (3.7% vs. 22.0%), and fewer recurrence/metastasis rate (40.2% vs. 58.5%), all p < 0.001. In the matched multivariable Cox model, nICT was independently associated with a lower risk of EFS events (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.36-0.84; p = 0.005), whereas no independent association with OS was observed (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.70-1.27; p = 0.707). Open esophagectomy (OE), ypN2-3 disease, and perineural invasion (PNI) were associated with worse EFS, whereas lower Ki-67 expression and postoperative adjuvant treatment were associated with better EFS. PNI was associated with worse OS, and postoperative adjuvant treatment was associated with better OS.
conclusionAmong non-pCR ESCC patients after neoadjuvant therapy and surgery, nICT was associated with lower recurrence risk and improved five-year EFS compared with nCT, whereas a significant OS advantage was not observed. Pathological factors (PNI, high Ki-67, and residual nodal burden) and postoperative treatment may help inform risk stratification, although the observational treatment associations should be interpreted cautiously.
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