Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42838544›Full record

ArticleBiology letters2026

Agriculture-urban interfaces, social vulnerability and climate change shape West Nile virus risk across the United States.

Samantha B Sambado, Váleri N Vasquez, Mauricio Cruz-Loya, Johannah E Farner, Rachel L Fay, Samantha J Bents, Joshua E Lazaro, Talya Shragai, Isabel Delwel, Desire U Nalukwago and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Biology letters, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Samantha B SambadoDepartment of Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2594-3641
Váleri N VasquezDepartment of Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA.
Mauricio Cruz-LoyaDepartment of Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA.
Johannah E FarnerDepartment of Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA.
Rachel L FayDepartment of Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3585-6880
Samantha J BentsDepartment of Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA.
Joshua E LazaroDepartment of Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA.
Talya ShragaiCenter for Human and Planetary Health, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA.
Isabel DelwelDepartment of Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6671-3669
Desire U NalukwagoDepartment of Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA.
Erin MordecaiStanford University , Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4402-5547

Funding

National Science Foundation DEB-2011147NIH HHS R01A168097NIH HHS R35M133439Stanford Doerr School
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Climate and land use change are reshaping the dynamics of vector-borne diseases. West Nile virus (WNV), the most widespread zoonotic arbovirus in the United States, illustrates the need to integrate climate, land cover and social vulnerability across heterogeneous landscapes when assessing spatial risk. We present a nationwide, county-level assessment of WNV risk using complementary statistical and mechanistic models to (i) identify socioecological correlates of current WNV incidence and (ii) project vector species-specific, temperature-dependent transmission suitability under mid- and late-century climate change scenarios. We found that land cover gradients, temperature-driven transmission and both occupational and residential exposure are associated with WNV incidence, particularly in mixed urban-agricultural landscapes. Future temperature and land cover projections suggest spatially variable shifts in environmental risk driven by divergent physiological responses among Culex species vectors. Our results highlight temperature and land cover as consistent, mechanistically grounded correlates of WNV risk at the national scale, while underscoring the need for refined, mosquito species-specific analyses at local levels. These insights can inform more targeted surveillance, vector control and climate adaptation strategies. We also identified key knowledge gaps, particularly around host and vector ecology, which must be addressed to improve public health responses in the face of ongoing environmental change.

Indexed as

AgricultureClimate ChangeCulexMosquito VectorsSocial VulnerabilityWest Nile FeverWest Nile virusAnimalsHumansIncidenceMosquito-Borne DiseasesTemperatureUnited Statesclimate warmingCulex mosquitoesland use heterogeneitytemperature-driven transmissionvector-borne diseaseWest Nile viruszoonotic disease risk

Identifiers

PMID42838544
PMCPMC13641919

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.