ArticleCities & health2026
Observed and perceived walkability among young adults in San Francisco: spatial divergence, neighborhood inequality, and self-rated health.
Article in Cities & health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Walkability is a common built environment measure for guiding health-supportive planning. However, built environment metrics do not necessarily capture resident experiences of neighborhood walkability. This study examines observed audit-based walkability and resident-perceived walkability in San Francisco as complementary but distinct measures of neighborhood walkability and examines their spatial relationships with neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics and young adult self-rated health. Data come from the 2014-2020 Bay Area Young Adult Health Panel Study, a probabilistic stratified sample of young adults aged 18-32 and census block-level neighborhood audits. We constructed composite observed and perceived walkability measures, generated continuous spatial surfaces using kriging, and estimated both global and local associations using multiscale geographically weighted regression. Observed and perceived walkability showed divergent spatial patterns and relationships with self-rated health, socioeconomic conditions, and racial/ethnic composition. The observed walkability (R
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