From vulnerability to resilience: Understanding social responses to climate-induced hazards in peri-urban and natural resources-dependent communities - The case of Tanga City in Tanzania.

Over the past two decades, climate change (CC) has been and continues to be considered among the greatest challenges of our time. Its escalating risks are increasingly evident and more intense, particularly in natural resources-dependent and rapidly growing communities of sub-Saharan Africa. This study examined the interplay of climate-induced hazards, social vulnerability, and adaptation strategies used among communities in peri-urban areas of Tanga City in Tanzania. The study objectives were achieved through a mixed methods approach, in which household surveys, stakeholder meetings, and community design workshops were the main data collection methods. Findings indicate that prolonged dry spells, extreme temperatures, and outbreaks of waterborne diseases were recognised among the most severe CC-related hazards. Floods and saltwater intrusion showed more variability in perception due to localised exposure. Livelihoods - like small-scale urban agriculture and mariculture (which includes seaweed cultivation, sea cucumber farming and sea salt production) - were identified as extremely vulnerable to CC, yet crucial for community resilience. Responding to climate variability, various adaptation strategies have emerged, ranging from livelihood diversification to household-level climate-sensitive resource management. Contribution: The findings underscore the importance of integrating indigenous knowledge, socio-ecological diversity and stakeholder participation in the assessment and management of climate risks. The research emphasises the need for context-specific adaptation planning focused on community engagement, nature-based strategies and improved institutional capabilities. It contributes to limited empirical evidence on peri-urban climate vulnerability and emphasises the urgency of mainstreaming climate risk management into local development frameworks through participatory and inclusive governance.