Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42835971›Full record

ArticleResearch (Washington, D.C.)2026

Microenvironment-Driven 3-Dimensional Biofabrication Enables Sequential Maturation of the Blood-Brain Barrier.

Sen Wang, Xinggang Mao, Chengyao Wang, Yingjie Liu, Chenrui Zhang, Siqi Yao, Luge Bai, Joaquim Miguel Oliveira, Rui L Reis, Ya Bai and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Research (Washington, D.C.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Sen WangState Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Xinggang MaoDepartment of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
Chengyao WangDepartment of Endocrinology, Genome Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Yingjie LiuState Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Chenrui ZhangState Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Siqi YaoState Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Luge BaiState Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Joaquim Miguel Oliveira3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.
Rui L Reis3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.
Ya BaiDepartment of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
Jiankang HeState Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Zhilu YangThe Tenth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital), Dongguan, China.
Dichen LiState Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
Ling WangState Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5897-8122

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models are essential for studying neurovascular development, drug permeability, and disease mechanisms, yet most fail to recapitulate the temporal sequence of cellular maturation. Here, we present a spatiotemporally organized 3D BBB model engineered via dynamic microenvironmental regulation. Temporally controlled enzymatic modulation of an alginate/collagen dual-network hydrogel enabled transition in matrix properties from strong to weak mechanical confinement, thereby triggering the embedded cells to shift from a quiescent to an active state and further enabling the construction of a BBB model with sequential endothelial and supporting cell development. The resulting 3D BBB model exhibits improved barrier integrity, reduced macromolecular leakage, and physiologically relevant drug-selective permeability. This strategy demonstrates that temporally controlled microenvironmental cues can guide multicellular tissue development, providing a versatile platform for neurovascular research and central-nervous-system-targeted drug evaluation.

Identifiers

PMID42835971
PMCPMC13636311

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.