ReviewFrontiers in public health2026
Smoking as a persistent global health challenge: perspectives on heated tobacco products.
Review in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Smoking remains one of the leading preventable causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, significantly contributing to the healthcare burden. Despite decades of public awareness, many people are unable to quit combustible cigarette (CC) smoking due to nicotine dependence and/or limited access to effective cessation support. Various alternative tobacco products such as e-cigarettes, heated tobacco products (HTPs) and nicotine pouches have been promoted as lesser harm alternatives; among which HTPs have received increasing attention lately. However, these products differ substantially in their composition, patterns of use, and potential health effects. This narrative review evaluates evidence on HTPs relative to CCs across four distinct levels: (i) product emissions, (ii) biomarkers of human exposure, (iii) indicators and evidence relevant to individual disease risk, and (iv) potential population-health impact. These levels are considered separately because reduced emissions or exposure cannot, by itself, establish reduced clinical disease, mortality, or net population benefit. Compared to combustible cigarettes, HTPs may lessen exposure to some combustion-related toxicant, but they are not risk-free; their population-health impact depends on who takes up these products and under what social and cultural circumstances, the frequency, intensity and duration of use, exclusive versus dual or poly use, users' prior exposure and health status, and the wider institutional, infrastructural and regulatory environment. To guide effective policy formulation for harm reduction based on evidence further longitudinal epidemiological and policy-evaluation studies across diverse settings are needed to assess long-term health outcomes and determine how tobacco-control and harm-reduction strategies-including public communication and education, taxation, product regulation and cessation support-shape awareness, risk perceptions, product uptake and substitution, patterns and intensity of use, cessation and relapse.
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Registered trials
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