ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Interferon regulatory factor 4 as a context-dependent regulator of inflammation: transcriptional and epigenetic control, skin diseases, and translational challenges.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
Inflammatory mediators are usually defined as extracellular signals, yet intracellular regulators determine which signals are converted into cell-specific, durable inflammatory programmes. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a stringent test of this broader concept because its effects vary with abundance, partner choice, chromatin accessibility, metabolism, cell lineage, tissue, and disease phase. We conducted a systematised narrative review and applied a causal-discrimination framework that separates lineage determination and activation from downstream amplification, necessary mediation, sufficiency, and therapeutic tractability. Across immune compartments, IRF4 supports pathogenic T helper 17 and type 2 programmes but also maintains regulatory T cells, humoral immunity, antitumour CD8 T-cell activity, intestinal group 3 innate lymphoid cells, and skin repair. Psoriasis provides the most developed disease-linked preclinical hypothesis, although the evidence is concentrated in one 2025 study and shows pre-induction benefit in an acute mouse model rather than reversal of established human disease. Atopic dermatitis remains a candidate epithelial and immune-network context without independent target validation. Conflicting evidence on IRF4 dependence in differentiated T helper 17 cells further shows that developmental requirement cannot be assumed to predict acute therapeutic sensitivity. We therefore define IRF4 as a context-encoded intracellular mediator only when reversible, context-resolved perturbation links target engagement to a prespecified molecular programme and disease-relevant phenotype. Human-tissue perturbation, cell- and complex-resolved target engagement, lesional pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, reversibility, incremental value over established pathway control, and exposure-matched safety testing are the decisive gates for translation.
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