Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42835353›Full record

ArticleAJOG global reports2026

When to test: defining the earliest reliable time for pregnancy detection and its prognostic value after frozen embryo transfer.

Huiying Xiao, Xue Shang, Gege Ouyang, Yuan Fang, Dingying Zhao, Yue Niu, Yanran Liu, Jialin Zou, Ning Li, Ze Wang and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in AJOG global reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Huiying XiaoState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Xiao, Shang, Ouyang, Fang, Zhao, Niu, Liu, Zou, Li, Wang, Wei).
Xue ShangState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Xiao, Shang, Ouyang, Fang, Zhao, Niu, Liu, Zou, Li, Wang, Wei).
Gege OuyangState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Xiao, Shang, Ouyang, Fang, Zhao, Niu, Liu, Zou, Li, Wang, Wei).
Yuan FangState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Xiao, Shang, Ouyang, Fang, Zhao, Niu, Liu, Zou, Li, Wang, Wei).
Dingying ZhaoState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Xiao, Shang, Ouyang, Fang, Zhao, Niu, Liu, Zou, Li, Wang, Wei).
Yue NiuState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Xiao, Shang, Ouyang, Fang, Zhao, Niu, Liu, Zou, Li, Wang, Wei).
Yanran LiuState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Xiao, Shang, Ouyang, Fang, Zhao, Niu, Liu, Zou, Li, Wang, Wei).
Jialin ZouState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Xiao, Shang, Ouyang, Fang, Zhao, Niu, Liu, Zou, Li, Wang, Wei).
Ning LiState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Xiao, Shang, Ouyang, Fang, Zhao, Niu, Liu, Zou, Li, Wang, Wei).
Ze WangState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Xiao, Shang, Ouyang, Fang, Zhao, Niu, Liu, Zou, Li, Wang, Wei).
Lianlian LiuModel Animal Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Liu).
Daimin WeiState Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China (Xiao, Shang, Ouyang, Fang, Zhao, Niu, Liu, Zou, Li, Wang, Wei).

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSerum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) testing performed 12 to 15 days after embryo transfer (ET) is the standard method to confirm pregnancy, and hCG levels are widely used to predict subsequent pregnancy outcomes. However, the earliest reliable time for pregnancy detection using urinary hCG testing after frozen embryo transfer (FET) and its prognostic value remain undefined.

objectiveTo determine the earliest time that pregnancy could be reliably detected by urinary hCG test following FET and to identify its influencing factors as well as the predictive value for pregnancy outcomes. STUDY

designThis was a prospective cohort study conducted in an academic center for reproductive medicine between September 2024 and May 2025. A total of 120 patients undergoing frozen single blastocyst transfer were recruited. All participants performed daily urinary hCG tests from the third day after FET until the 11th to 14th days when serum hCG levels were measured.

resultsIn patients without exogenous hCG administration before FET, the earliest positive urinary hCG results could be detected on the fourth day after FET. Among patients with pregnancy demonstrated by serum hCG measurement, 100% could be detected on the ninth day after FET by urinary hCG test. In patients with exogenous hCG administration, 28.3% had a positive urinary hCG test on the third day after FET, and all pregnancies were detected on the ninth day after FET. Compared with the late positive group, the early positive group exhibited a higher ongoing pregnancy rate (92.6% vs 68.4%,

conclusionUrinary hCG test performed on the ninth day after FET was reliable for the earliest detection of pregnancy. An earlier positive urinary hCG result was associated with a higher ongoing pregnancy rate compared with a later positive result.

Indexed as

body mass indexfrozen embryo transferhuman chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)ongoing pregnancyurinary pregnancy test

Identifiers

PMID42835353
PMCPMC13635714

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