Unifying bright spots research for people and nature.

Understanding how systems thrive against the odds is increasingly important in an era of accelerating ecological and social change. Bright spots, cases that outperform expectations under local constraints, offer a lens for learning from success within broader patterns of decline. Yet progress in this field has been limited by inconsistent definitions, fragmented methods and the absence of an integrative framework for systematic learning and application. Here we synthesize more than 70 studies spanning ecology, conservation, resource use, food production and sustainability science to assess how bright spots are identified, interpreted and applied in research, policy and practice. We introduce a typology of six approaches for identifying bright spots, highlighting their assumptions, strengths and trade-offs. We distil enabling conditions associated with bright spots, grouped into specific practices and processes, social capacities and context. Building on this synthesis, we develop a unifying framework that moves bright spots research from isolated case studies towards a coherent and cumulative understanding of how unexpected success can be identified, interpreted and compared across systems. By uncovering conditions under which systems exceed expectations, bright spots research reveals where unexpected success happens, why, and how to replicate it in an era of accelerating social-ecological change.