ArticleMagnetic resonance imaging2026
Robust spectral averaging and chemical shift calculation for hyperpolarized
Article in Magnetic resonance imaging, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeTo establish methods for
methodsThe effects of cardiogenic RBC signal oscillations on RBC:M were simulated to determine the optimal FID averaging duration; variability was evaluated in healthy volunteers and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients (n = 55). Dissolved-phase shifts were calculated in progressive pulmonary fibrosis patients (n = 114) using two 0-ppm references: the incidental gas resonance arising during dissolved-phase excitation and a dedicated gas-phase excitation. The repeatability of each method was compared, and that of the dedicated gas reference was assessed in subjects with various cardiopulmonary disorders (n = 155). Optimized methods were then used to re-evaluate published healthy reference values.
resultsThe variability of RBC:M measurements followed a sinc-like envelope with FID averaging duration, exhibiting minima at integer multiples of the cardiac period. Dissolved-phase shifts were most repeatable when referenced to the dedicated gas signal. Cardiac cycle averaging did not change the healthy reference RBC:M (0.49 ± 0.11, p = 0.75), but using the dedicated gas resonance increased healthy reference membrane and RBC shifts by 0.2 and 0.1 ppm to 197.8 ± 0.3 and 218.3 ± 0.5 ppm, respectively (p < 0.001). Membrane and RBC shifts demonstrated good repeatability coefficients of 0.32 and 0.52 ppm.
conclusionRBC:M is most repeatable when averaged over a cardiac cycle, although 1-s averaging yields similar performance. Dissolved-phase shifts are most repeatable using dedicated gas-phase excitations as the 0-ppm reference frequency.
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