ArticleActa parasitologica2026
Integrative Taxonomy of the Caryospora simplex Species Complex (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) From Vipers (Squamata: Viperidae), With Redescription and First Molecular Characterization of Caryospora jararacae.
Article in Acta parasitologica, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe genus Caryospora Léger, 1904 comprises facultatively heteroxenous coccidia that predominantly parasitize snakes, with seven nominal species recorded in vipers (Viperidae). In the Neotropical region, the Jararaca Bothrops jararaca (Wied-Neuwied, 1824) and the Common Lancehead Bothrops atrox (Linnaeus, 1758) were previously the only recorded viperid hosts for Caryospora jararacae (Carini, 1939). This study aimed to provide a morphological redescription and the first molecular characterization of C. jararacae, alongside a global taxonomic review of Caryospora spp. in viperids.
methodsFecal samples from B. jararaca and Cascabel Rattlesnakes Crotalus durissus Linnaeus, 1758 were analyzed for oocyst morphology. Molecular characterization of C. jararacae was performed using a multilocus approach combining three mitochondrial loci and the nuclear 18S rDNA gene. Additionally, an integrative review synthesizing global data on geographic distribution, host specificity, and genotypic similarities of viperid Caryospora spp. was conducted.
resultsCaryospora jararacae was identified and redescribed from B. jararaca and C. durissus. By reidentifying previous morphometric reports from C. durissus as C. jararacae and providing the first genetically confirmed records for both host species, this study establishes C. jararacae as the sole Caryospora species known from Neotropical vipers and only the second genotypically characterized Caryospora species in the family Viperidae worldwide. The integrative review revealed that five of the seven nominal species reported in vipers belong to the Caryospora simplex species complex, representing five morphologically indistinguishable geotypes distributed across different continents.
conclusionsMolecular evidence primarily supports a scenario of recent common ancestry and incipient speciation among geotypes of the Caryospora simplex species complex, wherein high genetic similarity reflects shared ancestral characters, rather than active ongoing genetic exchange. Despite their morphological indistinguishability, retention of the five nominal species within the complex is recommended, as they can be delimited through an integrative framework combining biogeographical, host, and molecular data.
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