ArticleEuropean archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience2026
Global burden of self-harm attributable to drug use from 1990 to 2021: evidence from the global burden of disease study.
Article in European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundSelf-harm is a significant global public health issue, particularly among young people. Drug use has emerged as a growing risk factor, yet comprehensive assessments of self-harm attributable to drug use remain limited. This study aimed to systematically assess temporal and spatial trends in self-harm attributable to drug use at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021 and predict the trend of burden changes until 2040.
methodsThe data employed in this study were obtained from the 2021 Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) database. The temporal changes in age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates (ASDR) were examined by calculating estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) from 1990 to 2021. To forecast the future burden, we employed the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model.
resultsIn 2021, the global number of deaths from self-harm attributable to drug use increased by 16.8%, while DALYs rose by 13.3%. In contrast, ASMR and ASDR declined, with EAPCs of - 1.77 (95% CI: - 2.07 to - 1.47) and - 1.70 (95% CI: -2.00 to -1.39), respectively. The burden is highest in High-income North America, South Asia, and Eastern Europe, with East Asia showing the greatest decrease. Males bear a higher burden than females, and the 25-29 age group is most affected. Projections suggest stable burden levels from 2021 to 2040.
conclusionsDespite a general decline in the burden of self-harm attributable to drug use across most countries between 1990 and 2021, the burden in High SDI regions remains substantial and is exhibiting a rising trajectory. These findings underscore the necessity for the formulation of policies pertaining to drug control, alongside the reinforcement of mental health prevention and education initiatives, particularly for males and young adults.
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