ArticlePneumonia (Nathan Qld.)2026
Trends in all-cause pneumonia and influenza hospitalization incidence by coding position - a study of US healthcare claims, 2014-2023.
Article in Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe hospitalization rate for pneumonia among adults has decreased in the U.S. since the early 2000's. The increasing prevalence of chronic conditions among adults, especially those associated with risk factors for pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, may be contributing to a larger population susceptible to pneumonia. Existing estimates utilizing claims data may underestimate the true rates of disease due to how diagnostic coding fields are used to define outcomes.
methodsA retrospective descriptive study of adult (> 18 years) ACPI inpatient hospitalizations was conducted using US healthcare claims data from 2014 to 2023. Principal ACPI hospitalizations were defined as those with a principal field code for ACPI only. Expanded principal ACPI hospitalizations were those with a principal code for ACPI or a principal code for sepsis, meningitis, COPD, empyema, and acute respiratory failure in combination with a secondary code for ACPI. Prevalence of risk factors indicative for pneumococcal pneumonia, RSV, or severe influenza vaccination were assessed.
resultsPrincipal ACPI showed the largest decline in incidence and this decline was greatest among the younger age groups compared to the older adults. In contrast, the expanded principal definition of ACPI captured between 48.5 and 63.4% of ACPI codes present in any field and showed lower variation over time compared to the principal definition. The proportion of adults with a risk factor of interest increased during the study period, particularly between 2020 and 2023. Greater than 96% of adults ≥ 65y hospitalized with ACPI in 2023 had at least one risk factor indicative for vaccination against pneumococcal, influenza, or RSV in the 3 years prior.
conclusionsWe show that using only principal diagnostic codes to identify ACPI hospitalization may disproportionately inflate the decline in ACPI hospitalizations between 2014 and 2023. Using a principal ACPI hospitalization definition would exclude approximately 30% of hospitalizations that would meet the expanded principal ACPI definition. The shift towards greater use of sepsis and COPD codes in the principal diagnostic code position may be attributed to coding changes over the study period. Risk factors for pneumonia increased in prevalence, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic period.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.