ArticleClinical and experimental dental research2026
Efficacy of Fluoride Toothpaste Fortified With Micro- and Nano-Hydroxyapatite on Remineralization and Surface Roughness of Synthetic Enamel.
Article in Clinical and experimental dental research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesTo evaluate the remineralization efficacy and surface effects of 1450 ppm fluoride toothpaste fortified with synthetic hydroxyapatite (Syn-HAP) of varying particle sizes and concentrations on synthetic enamel. MATERIAL AND
methodsNano-sized Syn-HAP (nanoSyn-HAP) was synthesized via a mechanochemical process and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Sixty disc-shaped synthetic pellets underwent artificial caries induction and were randomly divided into five groups: Untreated (negative control), commercial 1450 ppm fluoride toothpaste (FT), FT plus 5% micrometer-sized Syn-HAP (FT+5mHAP), FT plus 5% nanoSyn-HAP (FT+5nHAP), and FT plus 10% nanoSyn-HAP (FT+10nHAP). Specimens then underwent a 15-day pH cycling regimen with twice-daily treatments. Knoop microhardness was evaluated at baseline, post-caries induction, and post-treatment; surface roughness and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were assessed at baseline and post-treatment. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests (p < 0.05).
resultsXRD confirmed a pure hydroxyapatite phase, and TEM indicated that 93% of particles were smaller than 50 nm. All toothpaste-treated groups exhibited significant microhardness recovery versus the untreated group (p < 0.05), with no significant differences among them. The untreated and FT groups showed significantly increased roughness after 15 days (p < 0.01), whereas all Syn-HAP groups maintained smoothness comparable to baseline, with significantly lower roughness than FT (p < 0.01). SEM corroborated these findings, revealing smoother surfaces with particle integration in the Syn-HAP groups.
conclusionsUnder the conditions of this in vitro study, supplementing 1450 ppm fluoride toothpaste with Syn-HAP produced surface microhardness recovery that did not differ significantly from that of standard fluoride toothpaste, while significantly improving the preservation of surface smoothness. Syn-HAP-fortified formulations therefore offer a promising approach for caries management, combining effective surface hardening with superior surface integrity, although confirmation in in situ and in vivo settings is required.
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