ArticleJournal of education and health promotion2026
Pedagogical determinants of cognitive flexibility among pre-service school counselors in Indonesia: A multisite cross-sectional study.
Article in Journal of education and health promotion, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundSchool counselors are mental-health service providers for students, working in complex and unpredictable situations that demand rapid adaptive responding. Cognitive flexibility is the core adaptive skill for this work, but how counselor education can cultivate cognitive flexibility in pre-service school counselors is still not well established. This study aims to investigate the association between the levels of cognitive flexibility and the pedagogical quality of counseling courses that have been implemented in counselor education programs in Indonesia. MATERIALS AND
methodsA total of 846 pre-service school counselors who had completed theoretical and practical counseling courses under supervision were recruited in this multisite cross-sectional survey study (M
resultsThe study found that (a) the scores of theoretical and practical counseling courses under supervisors, (b) students' ratings of their practical counseling course skills, (c) learning materials, (d) learning models, and (e) evaluation learning process significantly contribute to the levels of cognitive flexibility. Odds ratio analysis showedthat respondents who rated their counseling skills as "
conclusionsThis study contributes evidence-based insights for counselor educators and university policy makers to enhance pre-service counselor students' cognitive flexibility through real cases, active learning, and self-reflective evaluation.
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