ArticleCureus2026
Postpartum Depression Following a Substance-Exposed Pregnancy: The Role of Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Mental Health History.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Background and objective Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 13-19% of postpartum individuals and is one of the most prevalent complications of pregnancy, with significant consequences for maternal and child well-being. Research suggests that maternal age, ethnic minority status, and a history of depression are predictors of PPD. Nearly one-third of substance users also experience PPD, yet it is unclear how age, race/ethnicity, and mental health history predict PPD in this already at-risk population. This study aimed to examine the impact of age, race/ethnicity, and depression history on the development of PPD among individuals who used substances during pregnancy. Methods A medical chart review was conducted at two university-affiliated pediatric practices in the Midwestern United States. Eligible participants were those with available maternal prenatal and delivery records, pediatric medical records through age three years, and biochemically confirmed prenatal substance use. The primary outcome was PPD, assessed primarily using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale with a score ≥ 10 through six months postpartum and/or a documented maternal report of a postpartum depression diagnosis or treatment. Results Of 255 participants, 30.19% experienced PPD. Private medical insurance holders (a proxy for higher socioeconomic status (SES)) were twice as likely to develop PPD (odds ratio (OR) = 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09-4.28), while marijuana use increased the risk by nearly 3.4-fold (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.66-6.96). Black women were nearly two and a half times more likely than White, non-Hispanic women to develop PPD, and women who reported another race or mixed race were more than four times more likely to develop PPD. A history of mental health conditions predicted a non-significant, fourfold increase in PPD risk. Age was not a significant predictor. Marijuana use and higher SES were the strongest predictors of PPD in this substance-exposed population. Conclusions Marijuana use during pregnancy, race/ethnicity, and private insurance status were independent predictors of PPD in this substance-exposed cohort. Age and pre-pregnancy mental health history were not significant in the adjusted analysis. These findings highlight the need for targeted maternal mental health screening and further research on ascertainment differences by SES.
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