ArticleIJID regions2026
The evolutionary dynamics of human influenza B virus in Bangladesh, 2007-2025.
Article in IJID regions, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objectives: Influenza B virus causes significant seasonal respiratory illness, yet its long-term evolutionary data from South Asia remain limited. We investigated the evolutionary dynamics of influenza B viruses circulating in Bangladesh during 2007-2025. Methods: Complete hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene sequences were analyzed using phylogenetic, evolutionary, demographic, selection pressure, amino acid variation, glycosylation, and genetic proximity analyses. Results: Phylogenetic analyses showed clear segregation into the B/Victoria (B/Vic) and B/Yamagata (B/Yam) lineages. B/Vic viruses diversified after 2019 into multiple V1A-derived subclades, whereas B/Yam remained genetically conserved before disappearing after 2019. Viruses maintained high similarity to season-matched vaccine strains. HA evolved faster than NA (2.48 × 10 Conclusion: B/Vic viruses in Bangladesh exhibited substantially greater evolutionary flexibility than B/Yam, driven primarily by antigenic diversification of HA. Continued genomic surveillance is important for monitoring viral evolution and informing vaccine strain selection.
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