ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2026
Bacterial extracellular vesicles as central mediators of microbiota-host communication.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are nanoscale, lipid bilayer-enclosed structures released by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria that act as active mediators of microbial and host-microbe communication rather than simple byproducts of membrane turnover. By packaging proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites, BEVs participate in quorum sensing, biofilm regulation, horizontal gene transfer, and immune modulation, with functional outcomes that depend strongly on microbial origin and environmental context: pathogen-derived BEVs frequently promote inflammation and tissue damage, whereas commensal- and probiotic-derived BEVs are more often linked to epithelial protection and immune regulation. These properties have positioned BEVs as promising translational tools for biomarker discovery, vaccine development, and engineered drug delivery. However, vesicle heterogeneity, inconsistent isolation and purification methods, and an incomplete understanding of
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