ArticleJournal of materials chemistry. A2026
Multi-oxirane additives as property modifiers for DGEBA-based structural electrolytes.
Article in Journal of materials chemistry. A, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Structural supercapacitors require electrolytes that can efficiently transport ions while bearing mechanical loads, known as structural electrolytes (SEs). Here, we report the addition of the multi-oxirane epoxies, reactive epoxy additives (REAs), as a strategy to tune the microstructure of an established bicontinuous SE, formed by reaction induced phase separation (RIPS). Specifically, trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TGETMP), 4-(diglycidylamino)phenyl glycidyl ether (GEDGP), tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane triglycidyl ether (TGETHP), and tetraglycidyl-4,4'-methylenedianiline (TGEMDA) were introduced into an SE based on a blend of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (EMIM-TFSI), (DGEBA_IL40). Additive concentrations were varied between 1 and 50 wt% and the SEs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, impedance spectroscopy, three-point bending tests and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. At 2.5 wt% addition, all REAs enhanced ionic conductivity, but reduced Young's modulus, relative to the unmodified SE based on DGEBA_IL40. TGETMP showed the most promising performance by increasing ionic conductivity by 90% and reducing Young's modulus only by 20%. Small-angle neutron scattering of the curing process of DGEBA_IL40 with the addition of 2.5 wt% TGETMP showed a delay in phase separation kinetics and an increase in the cluster correlation length from about 30 Å to 63 Å compared to the unmodified system. Carbon aerogel-modified carbon fibre (CF-CAG) structural electrodes were introduced into the SEs, to explore whether the bicontinuous microstructure would be retained in a multifunctional device. The unmodified SE (DGEBA_IL40) showed epoxy sheathing on CF-CAG with bead-like morphology around fibres and strut-like morphology in the bulk, showing that the presence of CF-CAG influenced local curing of the SE at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Encouragingly, the addition of 2.5 wt% TGETMP to DGEBA_IL40 reduced both epoxy sheathing and bead formation around CF-CAG.
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