ArticleDiscover public health2026
A simple approach to identifying community and healthcare locations for hand hygiene interventions during public health emergencies - Uganda, 2020-2022.
Article in Discover public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Background: As part of Uganda's COVID-19 emergency response, two districts along high-volume trucker routes linked to early clusters, Amuru and Tororo, were prioritized for hand hygiene (HH) interventions. While HH is a critical non-pharmaceutical intervention, tools to efficiently identify high-risk community locations during outbreaks are limited. Methods: We adapted the Population Connectivity Across Borders (PopCAB) tool, developed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, to identify and prioritize high-risk community locations and healthcare facilities (HCF) and inform targeted HH interventions, including provision of alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR), handwashing stations (HWS), and site-level support. Additional questions assessed HH infrastructure and ABHR perceptions. A mixed-methods baseline assessment was followed by implementation and post-intervention assessments. Quantitative indicators were compared using chi-square tests. Qualitative data were analyzed using deductive thematic analysis. Results: Between 2020 and 2021, four focus group discussions and 17 key informant interviews with 56 participants identified 734 locations. Fifty-nine community sites and 21 HCF were prioritized. At baseline, HWS availability varied, and community members often preferred ABHR over shared stations. Between baseline and follow-up, HWS and ABHR availability in community locations increased from 63 to 85% and 40 to 83%, respectively. In HCF, sufficient ABHR availability increased from 9 to 91%. However, consistent access was constrained by theft, breakage, supply shortages, and limited maintenance systems. Conclusion: PopCAB identified high-risk locations often overlooked by routine WASH programming and informed targeted HH interventions. While access improved, sustainability challenges highlight the need for strengthened operational and maintenance strategies in emergency response settings. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-026-02802-4.
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