Crystallization induced dual networks regulate nonlinear rheology and 3D printability of CNC capillary oleogels.

Bo Xu, Chenyu Bai, Qi Wu, Shuyu Lu, Xinna Hu, Tao Ma, Yi Song

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Article in Food chemistry: X, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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7 authors.

Bo XuCollege of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.

Chenyu BaiCollege of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.

Qi WuCollege of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.

Shuyu LuCollege of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.

Xinna HuCollege of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China.

Tao MaCollege of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China.

Yi SongCollege of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Capillary oleogels are promising materials for 3D printing, yet their printability is limited by the fragile nature of capillary-bridged networks. Here, dual networks were formed by incorporating beeswax crystals into cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) capillary oleogels, generating interconnected capillary and crystallization-induced networks. Microstructural analyses showed that beeswax crystallization promoted CNC aggregation and altered network architecture through physical interactions. Stability analysis revealed that beeswax incorporation improved the oil-holding capacity from 79.28% to 97.07%, while maintaining nearly complete oil retention after repeated freeze-thaw and melt-recrystallization cycles. Rheological measurements demonstrated a non-monotonic effect of beeswax concentration, with low levels weakening capillary connectivity and higher levels forming a reinforcing crystalline network. Nonlinear rheology analysis revealed increasingly constrained intracycle structural evolution in stronger networks. These rheological characteristics translated into improved extrusion behavior and shape fidelity during 3D printing. This work establishes a structure-rheology-printability framework for rational design of oleogel-based printing materials.

Indexed as

3D printingCapillary oleogelsCellulose nanocrystalsRheology

Identifiers

PMID42827891

DOI10.1016/j.fochx.2026.104453

PMCPMC13632094

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