ArticleFrontiers in physiology2026
Wearable biosensors characterize Baguazhang exercise intensity, trunk acceleration, and cardiovascular autonomic adaptations in postmenopausal women.
Article in Frontiers in physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Baguazhang is a traditional Chinese mind-body exercise that combines circular locomotion, repeated changes of direction, lower-limb postural control, trunk rotation, coordinated upper-limb movements, and breathing regulation. These features make it a multicomponent movement practice, but its cardiovascular intensity and trunk-acceleration profile have not been well quantified in postmenopausal women. Methods: Forty-six sedentary postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to a Baguazhang intervention group or a habitual-lifestyle control group in a parallel-group randomized controlled trial. The intervention group completed 12 weeks of supervised Baguazhang training (three 60-min sessions/week). Synchronized chest-strap electrocardiography and waist-mounted tri-axial accelerometry quantified heart-rate-derived internal load and waist-derived acceleration amplitude. The primary outcome was systolic blood pressure (SBP). Secondary outcomes were diastolic blood pressure (DBP), resting heart rate, body composition, and LnRMSSD. Phase-specific sensor data were summarized for the warm-up, mud-wading, circle-walking, and cool-down blocks. Between-group outcome effects were estimated with baseline-adjusted ANCOVA. Results: Across 812 attended sessions with valid recordings, mean session heart rate was 118.5 ± 8.4 beats/min (45.7 ± 6.2% HRR) and mean session TRIMP was 59.7 ± 9.3 arbitrary units. The circle-walking block showed the highest phase-specific cardiovascular demand (133.4 ± 9.2 beats/min; 61.5 ± 7.4% HRR) and the largest phase TRIMP (37.5 ± 5.6 AU); waist-derived MAD during this block was 0.22 ± 0.05 g. For the primary outcome, SBP was lower after Baguazhang than after habitual lifestyle (adjusted mean difference -7.2 mmHg, 95% CI -10.5 to -3.9; p < 0.001). Supportive secondary analyses, without multiplicity adjustment, yielded adjusted differences in DBP (-4.4 mmHg), resting heart rate (-4.5 beats/min), and LnRMSSD (+0.31), with smaller nominal differences in body mass index and body-fat percentage. Conclusion: Baguazhang elicited moderate average cardiovascular intensity, with the greatest phase-specific demand during the circle-walking block. After 12 weeks, SBP was lower than in habitual-lifestyle controls. Secondary outcomes should be interpreted as supportive. Waist accelerometry characterized trunk-acceleration amplitude but did not measure joint or musculoskeletal loading. The findings support Baguazhang as a feasible, measurable, moderate-intensity multicomponent exercise option but do not establish superiority over other exercise modalities.
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