ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Oncolytic virus-mediated GPC3 delivery overcomes antigen heterogeneity in hepatocellular carcinoma and enhances GPC3-directed immunotherapy.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and is characterized by substantial molecular and immunologic heterogeneity that contributes to therapeutic resistance and poor clinical outcomes. Glypican-3 (GPC3) is an attractive immunotherapy target in HCC; however, its heterogeneous expression limits the effectiveness of GPC3-directed approaches. ECT204, a GPC3-directed ARTEMIS Methods: We engineered the oncolytic vaccinia virus CF33-GPC3 to express GPC3 and evaluated its ability to sensitize GPC3-negative tumor cells to ECT204 Results: CF33-GPC3 efficiently induced surface expression of GPC3 in previously GPC3-negative tumor cells, resulting in activation of GPC3-directed ECT204 T cells and subsequent tumor cell killing. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that OV-mediated GPC3 delivery can overcome antigen heterogeneity in HCC and broaden the applicability of GPC3-directed immunotherapies.
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