ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2026
Clinical research progress of esketamine in perioperative neuroprotection: from mechanisms to therapeutic neuroprotection.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
During the perioperative period, factors such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, neuroinflammation, and cognitive dysfunction not only significantly affect postoperative recovery, but also are the main causes of postoperative disability and perioperative death. Esketamine is the R-enantiomer of ketamine, possessing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonistic activity along with multiple anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant properties. Compared to racemic ketamine, esketamine is more potent, acts more rapidly, causes mild respiratory depression, and induces fewer adverse neuropsychiatric effects, making it a promising agent for perioperative neuroprotection. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of esketamine's neuroprotective mechanisms and clinical applications in the perioperative setting, offering insights into future research directions that may advance therapeutic neuroprotection and improve surgical patient outcomes.
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