ArticleJournal of nursing management2026
Improving Nursing Quality Through On-Site Supervision: A Process Management Intervention Guided by the Structure-Process-Outcome Model.
Article in Journal of nursing management, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
AIM(S): To develop and evaluate an Structure-Process-Outcome (SPO) model-based on-site supervision program for nursing process management, and to assess its impact on nursing compliance, competency, patient satisfaction, and adverse events.
backgroundThe SPO model provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating healthcare quality, yet its translation into practical on-site nursing supervision tools remains limited. Nursing quality assessments frequently emphasize retrospective outcome indicators while offering limited insight into real-time procedural adherence. METHOD(S): A pre-post quasi-experiment was conducted in a tertiary hospital (January 2024-December 2025), comparing outcomes between independent annual cohorts of nurses (2024 vs. 2025) within the same wards. Participants were not individually matched across the two phases. The intervention included a "1 + 1 + X" supervision team (Structure), formative evaluation with a "Ten Knowledges" checklist (Process), and a closed-loop feedback mechanism. Data were collected from nurses (n = 194) and patients (n = 155) and analyzed using t-tests and chi-square tests.
resultsNursing compliance (aseptic technique: 91.86% vs. 83.80%), skill scores (93.65 ± 2.28 vs. 91.80 ± 3.76), and patient satisfaction (97.44 ± 3.93 vs. 95.86 ± 5.26) improved significantly (p < 0.05). The annual number of documented nursing-related adverse events decreased from 559 in 2024 to 398 in 2025 (presented as raw counts without adjustment for total procedures). CONCLUSION(S): The SPO-based program was associated with improvements in nursing quality and patient safety indicators, suggesting a replicable strategy for nurse managers. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: This program offers nurse managers a structured, theory-driven framework for on-site supervision that can be adapted across similar clinical settings. By strengthening procedural compliance, clinical competency, and patient-centered care, the approach provides a practical strategy for improving nursing quality and patient safety within existing resource constraints.
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