ArticlePerspectives on medical education2026
The CBHPE Outcomes Theory of Change: An International Consensus Statement on the Mechanisms and Outcomes of Competency-Based Education in the Health Professions.
Article in Perspectives on medical education, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Competency-Based Health Professions Education (CBHPE) is an outcomes-based approach to planning and conceptualizing the training of health professionals to serve population needs. Despite its uptake, ongoing debate persists regarding the assumptions underpinning CBHPE, its intended purposes, and how success should be defined and evaluated. This contributes to variable implementation and difficulty aligning core features with meaningful outcomes. To date, no published theory of change has articulated how CBHPE's core components provide a framework for later evaluation of intended outcomes. Methods: Using Funnell and Rogers' purposeful program theory, the authors, all members of the International Competency-based Education Health Professions Educators Collaborative (ICBHPE), developed a model theory of change. The authors conducted a broad review of CBHPE literature, supplemented by CBE frameworks from adjacent educational contexts to strengthen underdeveloped constructs in implementation and evaluation. Findings were iteratively synthesized into a program theory and refined through repeated cycles of large-group feedback, consensus building, and member checking within ICBHPE. Results: The authors developed a CBHPE Outcomes Theory of Change that articulates key assumptions, mechanisms of impact, and expected outcomes associated with CBHPE implementation. The framework specifies how van Melle's CBHPE core components are theorized to function across phases of implementation and identifies proximal and distal outcomes that can reasonably be expected, based on intentional, deliberate program evaluation at each implementation and evaluation stage. Discussion: The CBHPE Outcomes Theory of Change offers scholars and implementers a practical guide to enhance the quality and fidelity of implementation, evaluation, and research efforts related to CBHPE worldwide. Using this guide as a framework, programs can plan, implement, and then examine whether the intended outcomes of CBHPE have been realized.
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