Brain network differences in second language learning depend on individual competencies.

Nicole H Skieresz, Sandy C Marca, Micah M Murray, Thomas P Reber, Nicolas Rothen

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Nicole H SkiereszFaculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, Brig, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5888-916X

Sandy C MarcaFaculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, Brig, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5796-2209

Micah M MurrayThe LINE (Laboratory for Integrative Neurosciences), Radiology Department, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7821-117X

Thomas P ReberFaculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, Brig, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3969-9782

Nicolas RothenFaculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, Brig, Switzerland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8874-8341

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Integrating new words into an existing semantic network is a core challenge of second language (L2) acquisition. We investigated how evidence-based learning strategies and individual performance relate to the neurocognitive dynamics of vocabulary learning. Eighty-three adults proficient in German or French learned 48 Finnish (L2) nouns over 14 days using a mobile app that systematically varied retrieval practice, corrective feedback, multisensory learning, and distributed learning. Before and after training, EEG was recorded during a translation recognition task designed to elicit the N400, an index of semantic integration. Vocabulary accuracy increased from 0.41% pre-learning to 75.5% post-learning (

Indexed as

BrainLearningMultilingualismAdultBrain MappingElectroencephalographyEvoked PotentialsFemaleHumansMaleSemanticsVocabularyYoung AdultERP template mapsGFPGMDlearning strategiesN400vocabulary acquisition

Identifiers

PMID42824898

DOI10.1162/IMAG.a.1379

PMCPMC13628499

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.