ArticleOphthalmology science2026
Plasma Vitamin D and Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Insights from the Longitudinal ALIENOR Study.
Article in Ophthalmology science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Objective: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss in older adults, with limited options to prevent disease progression. Vitamin D may influence AMD pathogenesis through anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiangiogenic effects. This study aims to investigate the association between deseasonalized plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and the risk of incident AMD, as well as longitudinal changes in macular layer thickness in an elderly population. Design: Population-based cohort study. Participants: Seven hundred eyes from 429 participants aged ≥65 years from the ALIENOR Study, followed up over 18 years. Methods: Baseline deseasonalized plasma 25(OH)D levels were measured and categorized as sufficient (≥50 nmol/l), insufficient (25-49 nmol/l), or deficient (<25 nmol/l). Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, and clinical covariates were used to estimate the risk of incident AMD. Longitudinal linear mixed-effects models assessed changes in outer retinal layer thicknesses derived from OCT imaging. Main Outcome Measures: Incident intermediate and advanced AMD based on fundus color photographs and OCT. Results: The mean baseline deseasonalized plasma 25(OH)D level was 37.9 ± 14.9 nmol/l. Vitamin D deficiency (<25 nmol/l) was significantly associated with increased risk of incident intermediate AMD compared to sufficient levels (≥50 nmol/l, hazard ratio [HR] = 2.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19-4.61; Conclusions: Low deseasonalized plasma 25(OH)D levels were associated with a higher risk of developing intermediate AMD and progressive thickening of the RPE-BM complex, a key retinal structure implicated in AMD pathogenesis. These findings support an association hypothesis and highlight vitamin D status as a candidate modifiable factor worthy of further investigation. Financial Disclosures: Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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