ArticleApplied bionics and biomechanics2026
Differences in Lower-Limb Kinematic-Electromyographic Coupling Patterns During Volleyball Spike Take-Off Between Outside Hitters and Middle Blockers.
Article in Applied bionics and biomechanics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: This study compared lower-limb kinematics and electromyographic characteristics between outside hitters (OH) and middle blockers (MB) during volleyball spike take-off, aiming to delineate position-specific joint-angle profiles and relative muscle activation contributions. Methods: Twelve national first-class male volleyball athletes were recruited (OH, Results: OH exhibited a smaller right/dominant hitting-side hip angle than MB at T1, indicating a more flexed sagittal-plane hip posture ( Conclusion: OH and MB exhibited distinct lower-limb kinematic-EMG coupling patterns during spike take-off. OH showed greater sagittal-plane hip and knee flexion in the early take-off phase and a force-production shift from right/dominant hitting-side braking to left/non-dominant hitting-side propulsion, whereas MB demonstrated relatively larger joint angles and a more balanced bilateral activation pattern. These findings support position-specific take-off technique training and neuromuscular control strategies.
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