ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Neurological and hematological safety profiles of GSK-3β inhibitors: insights from multi-database pharmacovigilance and experimental validation.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) inhibitors have received substantial attention for their therapeutic potential; however, their systemic safety profile remains incompletely characterized. Objective: This study characterized the research landscape and exploratory safety-reporting signals associated with agents with reported GSK-3β activity by integrating bibliometric analysis, pharmacovigilance, and preliminary experimental assessment. Methods: A multi-layered framework included bibliometric analysis, disproportionality analyses of FAERS, JADER, and CVARD reports, and transcriptomic profiling. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with 9-ING-41 (1 μM, 24 h); cell viability, qRT-PCR, and DCFH-DA-based intracellular oxidative-stress measurements were assessed. Results: Bibliometric analysis showed sustained growth in GSK-3β-related research. Pharmacovigilance identified neurological and hematologic disproportionality signals across 27 System Organ Classes. In SH-SY5Y cells, 9-ING-41 was associated with modest changes in neuronal-function, inflammatory-response, and GSK-3β/Wnt-pathway transcripts, increased DCFH-DA fluorescence, and high cell viability. These cell-based observations are preliminary and do not establish clinical causality. Conclusion: The literature-derived study-drug panel showed exploratory neurological and hematologic reporting signals. Cross-database recurrence can prioritize hypotheses, whereas pharmacological heterogeneity and the limitations of spontaneous reporting require cautious interpretation. The SH-SY5Y experiments provide preliminary biological plausibility only.
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