Entropy-driven machine learning for deciphering mRNA rearrangement by splicing in complex microorganisms.

Introduction: Alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce multiple messenger RNA (mRNA) variants by differential RNA processing, resulting in the translation of distinct protein isoforms. Intron retention (IR) is a specific type of alternative splicing in which introns remain unspliced in the mature mRNA. The exact regulatory code behind intron splicing remains not fully deciphered, and unraveling these mechanisms is critical to uncovering the foundations of genetic disorders: a substantial fraction of disease-causing mutations disrupt intron splicing. Methods: We applied explainable machine learning (xML) models to intronic sequences from four species of the ciliate genus Tetrahymena ( Results: Across 289.6 k analysed introns, the C5.0 decision tree gave the best and most consistent performance, ranking first in three of the four species (accuracy 0.948-0.984). The key distinguishing features of retained introns were a higher entropy (Shannon entropy above 1.67, versus below 1.53 for constitutively spliced introns, against a theoretical maximum of 2) and more complex secondary structures near the 3' splice sites, together with a greater effective branch-point-to-3'-splice-site distance and a relative enrichment of the GC dinucleotide. Discussion: These features converge on weaker, less accessible splicing signals, which may impair splice-site recognition and bias the outcome towards retention. Our work identifies key sequence-level features predictive of intron retention in Tetrahymena and could provide a generalizable, explainable ML framework for investigating splicing regulation in other eukaryotes.