Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42823956›Full record

ArticleiScience2026

Niche-specific immune and microbial signatures across the healthy upper respiratory tract mucosa.

Nafsika Kardomatea, Jolanda Kool, Mioara A Nicolaie, Harry van Dijken, Emilie Reinen, Prokopis Konstanti, Dirk Eggink, Ryanne Jaarsma, Liesbeth van Emst, Esther van Woudenbergh and 6 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in iScience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Nafsika KardomateaCentre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Jolanda KoolCentre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Mioara A NicolaieDepartment of Statistics, Data Science and Modelling, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Harry van DijkenCentre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Emilie ReinenCentre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Prokopis KonstantiCentre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Dirk EgginkCentre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Ryanne JaarsmaCentre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Liesbeth van EmstDepartment of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc Research Institute for Medical Innovation (RIMI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Esther van WoudenberghCentre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
José A FerreiraDepartment of Statistics, Data Science and Modelling, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Susana FuentesCentre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Marien I de JongeDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Jørgen de JongeCentre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Lilly M VerhagenDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Gerco den HartogCentre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Host-microbe interactions in the upper respiratory tract (URT) niches that form the first line of defense against respiratory infections are incompletely understood. We profiled immune and microbial features using minimally invasive samples from 44 healthy adults (20-65 years), including nasopharyngeal (NPS), oropharyngeal (OPS), and mid-turbinate nasal swabs (MTSs), mucosal lining fluid (MLF), and saliva. Multiplex cytokine and antibody assays, 16S rRNA sequencing, and pathogen detection by PCR were performed. Immune and microbial profiles differed by niche: nasal samples showed consistently higher antiviral cytokine levels and

Indexed as

antibodiescytokinesdiagnosticshealthy adultshost-microbe interactionsmicrobiomemucosal immunitynon-invasive samplingupper respiratory tract

Identifiers

PMID42823956
PMCPMC13626922

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.