ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2026
Inflammation Precedes Paradoxical Reactions in HIV-Negative Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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21 authors.
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Abstract
Background: "Paradoxical reactions" are a poorly understood phenomenon of clinical worsening during adequate antibiotic tuberculosis treatment. We aimed to characterize and predict paradoxical reactions using clinical, microbiological, and inflammatory factors in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: We closely monitored HIV-negative patients aged ≥16 years who were admitted to a Dutch referral center. Paradoxical reactions were defined as new or increased tachypnea with hypoxemia or new or increased need for supplemental oxygen, after exclusion of alternative causes. Blood inflammatory parameters at onset of paradoxical reaction, and 1 and 2 weeks prior were matched for treatment duration to those of patients without paradoxical reactions and compared using Stouffer Results: Among 81 HIV-negative patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 19 (24%) experienced a paradoxical reaction, after a median of 13 days of antituberculosis treatment (interquartile range, 8-18 days). Paradoxical reactions were characterized by higher C-reactive protein level (Stouffer Conclusions: Paradoxical reactions in HIV-negative individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis concur with, and are preceded by, outspoken systemic inflammation. Baseline inflammatory parameters may guide future stratified preemptive immunomodulation.
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