ArticlePakistan journal of medical sciences2026
Diode laser-activated sodium fluoride and galla chinensis extract as dentin biomodifiers: Effect on microhardness, resin tag length, and shear bond strength of universal adhesive to caries-affected dentin.
Article in Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effects of dentin biomodifiers sodium fluoride (NaF), blue diode laser (DL) irradiated NaF, Galla chinensis extract (GCE), and bioactive glass nanoparticles (BAGNPs), on the microhardness (MH), shear bond strength (SBS), and resin tag length (RTL) of a self-etch (SE) universal adhesive system bonded to caries-affected dentin (CAD). Methodology: Eighty disinfected permanent molars were included in the study. The present in vitro study was approved by the Ethical Committee of King Khalid University IRB-KKU-COD-ETH-0531. The study duration was four months, from 15 Results: Group-3 (DL-irradiated NaF) exhibited the highest MH, whereas the lowest MH was observed in Group-1. Group-5 (GCE) demonstrated the maximum RTL (67.02±3.76μm) and the highest SBS (10.27±0.44 MPa). Conclusion: Galla chinensis extract and diode laser-irradiated sodium fluoride, when used independently, each enhanced the SBS and RTL of the self-etch universal adhesive to caries-affected dentin. Only blue laser-irradiated sodium fluoride was effective in augmenting the MH of caries-affected dentin.
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