ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Smoking exposures and mortality risk in individuals with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a UK Biobank cohort study.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposures are established modifiable risk factors for premature mortality, but their joint associations with recorded idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remain uncertain. We examined active and passive smoking exposures in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality and evaluated departures from additivity with recorded IPF history. Methods: This prospective UK Biobank cohort included 270,644 participants. Exposures comprised baseline smoking status, cumulative pack-years, maternal smoking around birth, adult SHS, and a composite passive SHS indicator. Multivariable Cox models, additive and multiplicative interaction analyses, and restricted cubic spline models were used after adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and genetic covariates. Results: During a median follow-up of 13.8 years, 20,959 deaths occurred. Ever-recorded IPF history was associated with all-cause mortality (HR 4.255, 95% CI 3.937-4.597), and active and passive smoking measures were also associated with mortality. In the additive interaction analyses, a positive departure from additivity was observed only between maternal smoking around birth and recorded IPF in relation to respiratory mortality (RERI 16.969, 95% CI 2.935-31.002; AP 0.248, 95% CI 0.082-0.414; SI 1.337, 95% CI 1.068-1.673). Corresponding positive RERI estimates were observed in analyses restricted to White participants, among participants with complete covariate data, and after excluding deaths occurring within the first 2 years of follow-up. The confidence intervals for the other RERI estimates in the primary analysis included zero. Dose-response associations were nonlinear among participants without recorded IPF and approximately linear among those with recorded IPF, although estimates in the latter group were less precise. Conclusion: Active and passive smoking measures and ever-recorded IPF history were associated with mortality in this cohort. Evidence for positive additive interaction was confined to maternal smoking around birth and respiratory mortality and should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating. The observational findings do not establish causal or biological synergy and require replication in independent cohorts.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.