ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Intelligent GelMA microspheres co-loaded with BMSCs and Kartogenin for spatiotemporally controlled release and immunomodulatory regeneration of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Objective: This study aims to overcome the limitations of current treatments for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA), which often fail to promote cartilage regeneration and necessitate repeated administrations. To this end, an injectable intelligent GelMA microsphere platform co-loaded with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and the small molecule Kartogenin (KGN) was developed. This system facilitates spatiotemporally controlled release and immunomodulatory regeneration within the joint cavity. The therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms of this approach for TMJOA were systematically evaluated. Methods: GelMA porous microspheres loaded with BMSCs and KGN were fabricated utilizing microfluidic technology. The physicochemical characteristics of the microspheres and the Results: The prepared GelMA@KGN-BMSC microspheres demonstrated uniform particle size, interconnected porosity, favorable swelling behavior, and characteristic degradation profiles, with KGN exhibiting a sustained release pattern. Conclusion: The GelMA@KGN-BMSC intelligent microsphere system developed in this study enables localized delivery of BMSCs and sustained release of KGN through a single intra-articular injection. These GelMA@KGN-BMSC microspheres significantly enhance cartilage regeneration via a synergistic mechanism that integrates induced differentiation and immunomodulation, offering a safe and effective minimally invasive therapeutic approach for TMJOA.
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