ArticleFrontiers in neurology2026
Attenuated sensorimotor hemodynamic responses and altered cortical dynamics during passive proprioceptive-related stimulation after stroke: a multidimensional fNIRS study.
Article in Frontiers in neurology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to use functional near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate abnormalities in cortical activity and dynamic network mechanisms associated with proprioceptive processing after stroke. We integrated conventional hemodynamic features, latent-state organization, directed connectivity, and recovery-phase complexity analyses to explore multidimensional changes in cortical dynamics. Methods: Patients with stroke and healthy controls underwent baseline motor and sensory assessments and completed a block-designed proprioceptive task during fNIRS recording, consisting of six alternating 30-s stimulation and 30-s rest periods. After preprocessing, ROI-level oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) time series were extracted. Conventional temporal features included area under the curve (AUC), onset latency, peak amplitude, post-stimulus residual activation, recovery slope, and time-to-peak. Latent state analysis was performed using a Gaussian mixture model to derive fractional occupancy (FO), mean dwell time (MDT), and transition characteristics. Directed connectivity during prestimulus, stimulation, and recovery phases was assessed using a sliding-window multivariate autoregressive model with partial directed coherence (PDC). Recovery-phase dynamics were further quantified using sample entropy, mean multiscale entropy, recurrence rate (RR), determinism (DET), and mean diagonal line length (Lmean). Results: A total of 62 participants, including 30 patients with stroke and 32 healthy controls, underwent a passive thumb movement task during fNIRS recording. Conventional HbO analysis showed that between-group differences were mainly confined to the left sensorimotor cortex, where the stroke group differed significantly from healthy controls in AUC ( Conclusion: Abnormal proprioceptive processing after stroke is characterized not only by altered local activation, but also by dynamic state shifts, phase-specific reorganization of information flow, and increased regularity with reduced flexibility during recovery.
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