Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42818169›Full record

ArticlemedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2026

Beyond Words: Natural Language Sampling of Lexical and Non-Word Vocalizations in Preschool Children with Autism, Down Syndrome, and Fragile X Syndrome.

Anna Adekogbe, Antuan Tran, Gabriela Miller, Margaret Norberg, Alexis Monk, Tanisha Chanda, Xinran Hou, Katherine Palowski, Nicole Baumer, Kristina T Johnson and 1 more

Abstract readPreprint
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In one paragraph

Article in medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Anna AdekogbeDepartment of Speech, Hearing, Bioscience and Technology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.ORCID 0000-0003-1655-9661
Antuan TranDepartment of Speech, Hearing, Bioscience and Technology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.
Gabriela MillerDepartment of Speech, Hearing, Bioscience and Technology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.
Margaret NorbergLaboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Alexis MonkLaboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Tanisha ChandaDepartment of Speech, Hearing, Bioscience and Technology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.
Xinran HouTufts University, Medford, MA, United States.
Katherine PalowskiDown Syndrome Program, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
Nicole BaumerDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States.
Kristina T JohnsonDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.
Carol WilkinsonDepartment of Speech, Hearing, Bioscience and Technology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.

Funding

TRAINING FOR SPEECH AND HEARING SCIENCEST32DC000038 · NIDCD · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI Gwenaelle S Geleoc · 1992 to 2026
$21.8M
Molecular mechanisms of aging in the intrinsic laryngeal musclesR03DC007983 · NIDCD · UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY · PI MCMULLEN, COLLEEN A · 2006 to 2009
$249k
NIDCD NIH HHS R03 DC007983NIDCD NIH HHS T32 DC000038
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Purpose: This study examined whether word-based and non-word natural language sampling (NLS) measures complement standardized language scores in characterizing expressive communication among preschool children with autism with language impairment (AUT-LI), Down syndrome (DS), and fragile X syndrome (FXS). Method: Participants included 82 preschool children with AUT-LI ( Results: Diagnostic groups did not significantly differ on standardized expressive language scores. Children with FXS showed higher performance than the AUT-LI and DS groups on several word-based NLS measures, whereas non-word vocalization measures primarily revealed differences in within-group variability. Word-based NLS measures were consistently associated with standardized expressive language skills, while associations for non-word vocalizations varied by vocalizations type. Cluster-validity indices factored a two-cluster solution. A hypothesis-informed three cluster solution that included non-word vocalizations suggested Higher Language, Lower Output, and High Output-Low Structure profiles. Conclusions: Standardized and NLS measures provide complementary descriptions of expressive communication in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Non-word vocalization coding may be especially useful for describing clinical meaningful variation among children with limited expressive language.

Indexed as

autism spectrum disorderDown syndromeexpressive languageFragile X syndromelanguage disordersNatural language samplingneurodevelopmental disorders

Identifiers

PMID42818169
PMCPMC13622352

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.