ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Quantitative Validation of a GNSS Campaign Planning Model for Kinematic Surveys: A Comparison of GPS and GPS/GLONASS Configurations.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Reliable georeferencing is a fundamental requirement for modern sensor-based environmental monitoring systems employing mobile sensing platforms. This study presents a quantitative validation of a GNSS campaign planning model for kinematic surveys and evaluates how extending a single-constellation GPS configuration to a dual-constellation GPS/GLONASS configuration affects model-observation agreement under real-world conditions. The analysis was based on a kinematic measurement campaign conducted along an 18.4 km route in the Tricity metropolitan area (Gdańsk-Sopot-Gdynia), Poland. Two GNSS receivers operating at 1 Hz were used simultaneously, providing GPS and GPS/GLONASS observations under comparable kinematic and environmental conditions. Model predictions derived from DSM and DTM data were compared with field observations in terms of PDOP, satellite visibility, and model-observation agreement. The results demonstrate that the GPS/GLONASS configuration substantially improved satellite constellation geometry relative to the GPS-only configuration. Mean PDOP values decreased by approximately 30%, while the number of visible satellites increased by 81-86%. More importantly, the GPS/GLONASS configuration improved model-observation agreement. The mean absolute model-observation PDOP difference was reduced by 58.0% for the entire route, 66.7% under favourable observation conditions, and 68.4% under challenging observation conditions. The greatest improvements in model-observation agreement were achieved in dense urban environments affected by signal obstructions. These results demonstrate that constellation configuration influences not only satellite constellation geometry but also the agreement between trajectory-based campaign-planning predictions and real kinematic observations. The proposed methodology may also support the planning of sensor-based environmental monitoring campaigns requiring favourable GNSS observation conditions along measurement trajectories.
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