ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Physics-Informed Design and Bench/Phantom Validation of a Shaft-Compatible 13.56 MHz NFC System for Laparoscopic Colorectal Tumour Localisation.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesAccurate intraoperative tumour localisation remains challenging in minimally invasive colorectal surgery because tactile palpation is lost and conventional markers can migrate or provide imprecise localisation. Building on a preceding tri-frequency study that identified 13.56 MHz as the preferred RFID band for the intended application, this work develops a shaft-compatible NFC antenna-reader platform and evaluates its electromagnetic behaviour from bench-top reference media to five-layer tissue-equivalent phantoms.
methodsA Ø3 × 25 mm Fair-Rite Material 67 ferrite-rod antenna was designed from material and geometric parameters using finite-rod demagnetisation, inductance, resonance, and field calculations, followed by FEM cross-validation and experimental characterisation. The primary dataset comprised 480 detection distance measurements (2 media × 4 tag angles × 30 repetitions × 2 encapsulation variants). Phantom testing added 1440 measurements at 22 °C and 600 measurements at 37 °C across three fabrication batches, with the 37 °C non-coaxial subset limited to one batch.
resultsThe fabricated antenna measured 16.9 µH versus a 17.4 µH analytical estimate (-2.9%), with loaded Q = 23. The coaxial detection range was 16.45 ± 0.29 mm in air and 16.26 ± 0.21 mm in saline; angle was the dominant determinant of range (partial η
conclusionsThe study demonstrates a physics-informed route from antenna miniaturisation to measured system performance, and defines the present operating envelope under controlled bench and tissue-equivalent phantom conditions. The electromagnetic measurements apply to the antenna-electronics subassembly; integrated-shaft, multi-prototype, multi-operator, ex vivo, and in vivo validation remain necessary before clinical performance can be determined.
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