A Sustainable Natural-Rubber IoT Smart Insole for Remote Body-Load Monitoring: An Observational Gait Comparison in Flexible Flatfoot.

Prachid Saramolee, Praphatson Sengsoon, Sarawuth Chaimool, Khamphong Khongsomboon, Jakrawat Budboonchu, Siraporn Sakphrom

Abstract read

PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher

In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Prachid SaramoleeSchool of Engineering and Technology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.

Praphatson SengsoonSchool of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.ORCID 0000-0003-0910-3455

Sarawuth ChaimoolDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.ORCID 0000-0002-2412-2921

Khamphong KhongsomboonDepartment of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, National University of Laos, Vientiane P.O. Box 3166, Laos.

Jakrawat BudboonchuFaculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Khonkaen Campus, Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand.

Siraporn SakphromSchool of Engineering and Technology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand.

Funding

This work was supported by Walailak University under the International Research Collaboration Scheme (Contract No. WU-CIA-07909/2525) and the Rubber Authority of Thailand (RAOT), under research contract No. 024/2564 Contract No. WU-CIA-07909/2525

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Flexible flatfoot (pes planus) alters lower-limb biomechanics and plantar-pressure distribution, raising the risk of pain and injury. Laboratory gait analysis with optical motion capture and force plates is the reference standard but is costly, space-constrained, and ecologically limited. We present the design, fabrication, and validation of a low-cost, sustainable smart insole for Internet-of-Things (IoT) remote body-load monitoring. The device pairs a dual-layer natural-rubber body-a silica-filled sponge-rubber upper for comfort and a carbon-black-reinforced solid outsole for durability-with four load cells per insole at high-pressure plantar landmarks, read through a 24-bit amplifier by an ESP32 that calibrates and streams left/right load over Wi-Fi to the ThingSpeak cloud, with a wrist-worn OLED for real-time feedback. Against reference weights in 25 participants, the system measured total body weight with a mean absolute error of 2.94%, a maximum error of 4.18%, and an RMSE of 1.94 kg (Pearson r = 0.99); the residual was an almost purely systematic proportional bias (slope 0.966, R

Indexed as

FlatfootFoot OrthosesGaitInternet of ThingsAdultBiomechanical PhenomenaFemaleHumansMaleMonitoring, PhysiologicWeight-Bearingflexible flatfootgait analysisInternet of Thingsnatural rubber compositeplantar loadremote patient monitoringsmart insolewearable sensors

Identifiers

PMID42817240

DOI10.3390/s26185687

PMCPMC13611367

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.