Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42816586›Full record

ArticleNature immunology2026

Barrier immune memory is programmed by intestinal epithelial cell presentation of cytosol-delivered bacterial antigens.

C Garrett Wilson, M Pragun Acharya, Laura Karsch, Lennard W Duck, Nana Twumasi-Ankrah, Yuanyou Wang, Hongxing Shen, Blake F Frey, Annalisse R McKee, Vishal H Oza and 8 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Nature immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

C Garrett Wilson *Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. cgwilson@uabmc.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5546-4548
M Pragun Acharya *Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Laura KarschInstitute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0000-4759-9178
Lennard W DuckDepartment of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Nana Twumasi-AnkrahProgram in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Yuanyou WangProgram in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Hongxing ShenDepartment of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7400-6809
Blake F FreyDepartment of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Annalisse R McKeeDepartment of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Vishal H OzaDepartment of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Stacey N HarbourDepartment of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Yoshiko Nagaoka-KamataDepartment of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Jeffrey R SingerDepartment of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
Robin D HattonDepartment of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4797-9899
Jeffrey MoffittProgram in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3836-3101
Matthias GunzerInstitute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5534-6055
Carlene L ZindlDepartment of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4841-3552
Casey T WeaverDepartment of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. cweaver@uabmc.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2180-1793

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Antigen compartmentalization is known to influence CD4 and CD8 T cell recognition but its impact on immune responses to different antigens expressed by the same pathogen is poorly understood. By tracking the clonal CD4 T cell response to a single epitope shuttled between different virulence proteins of Citrobacter rodentium, we found that response magnitude and quality depended on antigen localization. Antigens retained within bacteria elicited limited responses, whereas antigens injected into colonocyte cytosol through a type III secretion system generated robust mucosal CD4 T cell responses and promoted formation of epithelial-resident memory T cells. This process required direct presentation by infected epithelial cells. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed that sustained, bidirectional communication between epithelial cells and T cells was essential to elicit both barrier-protective functions and transcriptional programs favoring tissue residency over central memory differentiation. These findings identify nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells as key regulators of CD4 T cell memory fate.

Indexed as

Antigen PresentationAntigens, BacterialCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCitrobacter rodentiumEnterobacteriaceae InfectionsEpithelial CellsImmunologic MemoryIntestinal MucosaMemory T CellsAnimalsAntigen-Presenting CellsCytosolMiceMice, Inbred C57BLAntigens, Bacterial

Identifiers

PMID42816586

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.