ArticleScience advances2026
Stability in flexibility: Shifting alliances stabilize the symbioses of marine animals over 150 million years.
Article in Science advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Many animals benefit from microbial symbionts that aid digestion, supply essential nutrients, or provide defense. When this dependence becomes obligate, as in gutless marine oligochaetes that have lost both digestive and excretory systems and rely entirely on their bacterial partners for nutrition and recycling of waste compounds, it would seem to constrain ecological and evolutionary flexibility. Yet, these worms are globally distributed and thrive across diverse environments. To investigate how stability and adaptability coexist in such obligate symbioses, we combined global sampling with high-resolution phylogenomic analyses of 246 individuals from 63 species across 17 marine sites. Ancestral reconstructions revealed that the chemoautotrophic primary symbiont "
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