ArticleIndian journal of psychiatry2026
Evaluation of comprehensive targeted intervention (TI) services among persons who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Himachal Pradesh.
Article in Indian journal of psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: This study emphasized the necessity of evaluating both covered and non-covered People Who Inject Drugs (PWIDs) to identify implementation issues and enhance service delivery. The objective was to assess the availability and accessibility of Targeted Intervention (TI) services and factors influencing their implementation. Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted from September 2024 through March 2025, utilizing a cross-sectional survey (of both TI and non-TI PWID) alongside focus group discussions (FGDs). Results: Quantitative data were collected from 646 PWID (TI: 454; non-TI: 192), complemented by 10 FGDs. The participants' mean age was 28 years, with a mean age of initiation for substance use at 22 years. PWID enrolled in TIs were significantly more likely to reside in their home districts, inhabit urban areas, and be engaged in small-scale business. Although TI-enrolled participants showed higher rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) awareness, testing, and access to sterile needles/syringes, overall coverage remained low for Opioid Substitution Therapy (OST), routine screenings for sexually transmitted infections/reproductive tract infections (STIs/RTIs), and consistent condom use. Narrative analysis revealed general satisfaction with existing services but highlighted a critical demand for localized OST, expanded needle/syringe access, and vocational rehabilitation. Conclusions: Coverage of TI services was better for HIV testing and fresh needles/syringes. TI services need to be strengthened and expand their coverage for OST, improving local access to needles/syringes, and sexual health services (RTIs/STDs and condom programming). TI program should also devise a mechanism to engage non-TI PWIDs to provide services.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.